Scanning electron microscopy reveals differences in microparticles, suggesting morphological changes could reduce nodule risk and agglomeration.
Background: Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) is a collagen-stimulating biomaterial widely used for facial bio-stimulation. Reports of palpable nodules with earlier formulations prompted interest in the role of microparticle morphology in suspension behavior and tissue distribution. Legacy PLLA is characterized by irregular, “spiky” shapes, whereas second-generation PLLA (e.g., INFINI V10) employs PSMMT® technology, producing rounded/spherical particles. Hypothesis: Rounded particles favor homogeneous dispersion and reduce inter-particle interlocking, potentially lowering agglomeration—a factor implicated in nodule formation.
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Escobar Sergio (2025) studied this question.
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