Opinion note on non-linearity in Induced Polarization

Summary The extension of direct current resistivity methods to induced polarization methods has enriched the tools available for subsurface exploration. This enrichment involves an increase in the number of parameters used in the models, as well as addressing different physical phenomena than those observed with direct current. Accounting for non-linearities, if they exist, can further enhance the sophistication of our models. Non-linearities are often observed, particularly in laboratory experiments. However, we question their origin, and the experiment described here suggests that the non-linearities observed under typical experimental conditions may be artifacts related to the electrodes, rather than reflecting the actual response of the subsurface. Indeed, we first replaced the polarizable injection electrodes with non-polarizable electrodes. The non-linearities observed due to the presence of harmonics were significantly reduced. Then, we replaced the voltage control with a current control, which completely eliminated the non-linearities still present. We know that it is impossible to prove the non-existence of a phenomenon that does not exist. This fundamental epistemological principle (as pointed out by Russell and Popper) means that we are not claiming that nonlinearity does not exist. We are simply describing an experiment that can raise doubts about its existence.