Simulation reveals flux and electron-to-photon ratio in gamma-ray glows from winter thunderclouds, suggesting significant high-energy emissions.
High‐energy emissions from thunderclouds have been observed in the Hokuriku Japanese region during winter. The winter thunderclouds have lower altitudes that allow ground measurements due to the shorter distance between electrified regions and observation site, reducing the electrons' free passage distance. In this work, we simulate gamma‐ray glow observed flux and spectrum in a standard model atmosphere profile with Monte Carlo simulations comparable with the observations. The gamma‐ray glow produces a shower of secondary Compton electrons with an electron‐to‐photon ratio signature between 0.70% and 4.80% in agreement with a 400 m distance between the particles' accelerating region and the detector plane.
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Diniz et al. (2025) studied this question.
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