A Conceptual Framework for Profiling Stream Anglers in Malaysia

Recreational fishing is a rapidly growing leisure and economic activity in Malaysia. While previous research has profiled coastal, pond, and general recreational anglers, stream fishing anglers—a group interacting directly with fragile freshwater ecosystems remain significantly understudied. This conceptual paper addresses this gap by proposing a multidimensional framework for profiling stream anglers in Malaysia. Synthesising insights from established theories such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Social Exchange Theory, the framework integrates four key dimensions: (1) socio-demographic profile, (2) motivational drivers, (3) economic engagement, and (4) conservation orientation. The paper advances testable propositions concerning the interrelationships between these dimensions and highlights critical implications for sustainable fisheries management. By providing a theoretically-grounded foundation, this framework is poised to guide future empirical studies and evidence-based policymaking that balances angler recreation with urgent conservation goals in Malaysia's vital stream ecosystems.