Structures of the Dimeric and Monomeric Chromanones, Gonytolides A–C, Isolated from the Fungus Gonytrichum sp. and Their Promoting Activities of Innate Immune Responses

Innate immunity is the front line of self-defense against microbial infection. After searching for natural substances that regulate innate immunity using an ex vivo Drosophila culture system, we identified a novel dimeric chromanone, gonytolide A, as an innate immune promoter from the fungus Gonytrichum sp. along with gonytolides B and C. Gonytolide A also increased TNF-α-stimulated production of IL-8 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.