Advancing the Role of the Facilitator in Game Science: A Systems Theory Approach to Learning and Adaptation in Rule-Based and Open Games

Background This paper contributes to the ongoing work of the ISAGA Special Interest Group (SIG) on Game Science, coordinated by em. prof. Jan H.G. Klabbers since its initiation in October 2021. It builds on the themes explored during the ISAGA Symposium ‘On the Architecture of Game Science’ (Simulation & Gaming, 49(3), June 2018). In this article, we further develop the scientific foundations of Game Science by advancing the understanding of the facilitator’s role through a systems-theoretical intervention framework. Method Considering the continuum from rule-based to open games, we present systems theory to enlighten the role and function of the facilitator. First we explain on the role of Argyris’ learning levels, and then apply Ashby’s Law of requisite variety to offer guidelines on when, with what, and how to intervene from an adaptive systems perspective. Additionally, we illustrate how Beer’s Viable Systems Model provides facilitators with an adaptive analytical tool for defining when, how, with what and where to support learning. Outcome This paper scientifically supports the role and function of the facilitator by conceptualizing facilitation along the continuum of rule-based, hybrid, and open games, enhancing learning across this spectrum. Conclusions This framework offers a scientific foundation for facilitators to decide when, how, with what to intervene, while providing clear guidance for their role in enhancing learning across different types of games.