Administration of astaxanthin isomers reveals (13Z)-astaxanthin has higher bioavailability in male mice, suggesting nutraceutical potential.
(13 Z )-Astaxanthin exhibits significantly higher bioavailability, systemic retention, and hepatic accumulation than the (all- E )- and (9 Z )-isomers, highlighting its potential for nutraceutical applications.
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Ghosh et al. (2025) studied this question.
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