Single‐Cell Transcriptomics Uncover EEF1A1‐Driven Ubiquitination Dysregulation in T Cell Exhaustion and SLE Pathogenesis via STAT1‐Mediated Th1/Th2 Imbalance

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder marked by immune dysregulation and multiorgan involvement. This study investigates the role of the ubiquitination‐related gene EEF1A1 in SLE pathogenesis, focusing on T cell dysfunction. Methods Single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) data from the GSE135779 dataset was analyzed to characterize the cellular composition of SLE samples. Clustering analysis identified 15 T cell subpopulations, with seven clusters notably depleted in SLE. Trajectory analysis indicated progressive transcriptional dysregulation during T cell differentiation. High‐dimensional weighted gene coexpression network analysis (hdWGCNA) and LASSO regression highlighted EEF1A1 as a key ubiquitination‐related hub gene. EEF1A1 expression was significantly elevated in SLE T cells, while its ubiquitinated form was reduced, suggesting impaired proteasomal degradation. Results Functional assays demonstrated that EEF1A1 overexpression enhances STAT1 phosphorylation (p‐STAT1) without altering total STAT1 protein levels, leading to T cell dysfunction. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that EEF1A1 overexpression skews the T helper 1 (Th1)/T helper 2 (Th2) balance towards a Th1‐dominant phenotype. In MRL/lpr mouse models, EEF1A1 overexpression exacerbated renal pathology, including increased proteinuria and immune complex deposition. Conclusions These findings suggest that EEF1A1 contributes to SLE pathogenesis by promoting STAT1‐mediated T cell dysfunction and Th1/Th2 imbalance. EEF1A1 emerges as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target, offering new insights into the post‐translational regulatory mechanisms underlying SLE.