Influence of sex and age on the gene expression of periodontal and pulp tissues during orthodontic tooth movement

Our study demonstrates that under OF, DP's reaction is not sex-based, whereas PDL's is, particularly in the early phase of OTM, with women showing a more pronounced osteoclastic response. Age-related effects in DP tissue primarily influence Ca²⁺ homeostasis and DNA damage repair in early phases, and tissue repair and adaptive responses later. In contrast, age impacts PDL tissue mainly in the later stages of OTM, affecting its regenerative capacity.