Geographic variation in functional compounds and multi-element of Lithocarpus litseifolius: insights from chemical profiling and ecological drivers

Lithocarpus litseifolius (Hance) Chun (LL), is a high-value edible and medicinal plant, prized for its unique flavor, health benefits and a vital role in increasing farmers' incomes. It is extensively cultivated in multiple provinces in China, with prices and qualities variations regulated by local ecological conditions. This study investigated 63 chemical components, including 16 functional compounds and 47 multi-element, alongside 64 ecological factors to assess quality differences and regional characteristics of LL from 5 origins. LL from Yunnan province exhibited superior quality, characterized by higher flavonoid content. Furthermore, 23 key differential components were identified using VIP (Variable importance in projection) features, serving as the most important variables for discrimination and quality control. Moreover, structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated the dominantly positive effects of altitude on the major sweetness component phlorizin, whereas longitude, mean temperature of the warmest month, annual moisture index, and absolute maximum temperature had negative effects on phlorizin.