Impact of Resonance, Raman, and Thomson Scattering on Hydrogen Line Formation in Little Red Dots

Little Red Dots (LRDs) are compact sources at z > 5 discovered through JWST spectroscopy. Their spectra exhibit broad Balmer emission lines (1000 ~km~s⁻¹), alongside absorption features and a pronounced Balmer break – evidence for a dense, neutral hydrogen medium, in which the n = 2 state is significantly populated. When interpreted as arising from AGN broad-line regions, inferred black hole masses from local scaling relations exceed expectations given their stellar masses, challenging models of early black hole–galaxy co-evolution. However, radiative transfer effects in dense media may also impact the formation of hydrogen emission lines. We model three scattering processes shaping hydrogen line profiles: resonance scattering by hydrogen in the n = 2 state, Raman scattering of UV radiation by ground-state hydrogen, and Thomson scattering by free electrons. Using 3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulations, we examine their imprint on line shapes and ratios. Resonance scattering produces strong deviations from Case B flux ratios, clear differences between Hα and Hβ, and encodes gas kinematics in line profiles but cannot broaden Hβ due to conversion to Paα. While Raman scattering can yield broad wings, scattering of the UV continuum is disfavored given the absence of strong FWHM variations across transitions. Raman scattering of higher Lyman-series emission can produce Hα/Hβ wing width ratios of ≳ 1.28, agreeing with observations. Thomson scattering can reproduce the observed 1000~ km\, s⁻¹ wings under plausible conditions – e.g., Te ∼ 104 K and Nₑ~ 10²⁴ ~cm⁻² – and lead to black hole mass overestimates by factors ≳ 10. Our results provide a framework for interpreting hydrogen lines in LRDs and similar systems.