With the accelerated development of the global digital economy, data spaces have become a crucial infrastructure for cross-domain data circulation and value creation. However, cross-organizational and cross-regional data sharing still faces several challenges, including insufficient trust, fragmented governance, and inconsistent standards. Against this backdrop, blockchain technology, with its decentralized, traceable, and tamper-resistant characteristics, offers new avenues for building collaborative trust mechanisms within trustworthy data spaces. This paper systematically reviews the current research on trustworthy data spaces, the blockchain, zero-knowledge proofs, and federated learning. It proposes a technology-governance-standardization (TGS) framework for cross-border governance. To verify the framework, we proposed a collaborative trust mechanism combining “on-chain light attest, off-chain deep store, and cross-layer verifiable bridge” (LPHS–XV), which achieves data availability without visibility and compliance auditability. A prototype was then validated in the cross-border medical data space at the Macao-Hengqin Station, providing a scalable experience for global data governance.
Liu et al. (2025) studied this question.