The use of felt from its origins to the present day

The article is dedicated to a comprehensive study of felt – a unique textile material with a millennia-long history. It explores its evolution from ancient wool felting technologies of nomadic people to modern industrial and design solutions. Special attention is paid to the functional and cultural aspects of felt application in different historical periods: from utilitarian use in everyday life and military affairs to its symbolic significance in fashion and art. The modern spheres of application of the material are analyzed, including the textile industry, interior design, hand-made and technical sectors, as well as its role in the context of eco-friendliness and sustainable development. The influence of global trends (conscious consumption, digitalization of production) on the development of the felt industry is examined in detail. A special emphasis is placed on regional features of felt production and use in different cultures, which allows tracing its adaptation to local conditions and traditions. The study employs historical, comparative and sociocultural analysis, as well as the examination of the technological and economic aspects of felt production and application. The novelty of the research lies in the systematization of disparate data on felt, covering its historical transformation and modern trends. It has been established that felt maintains its relevance due to a combination of traditional qualities (strength, thermal insulation) and adaptability to innovations (eco-materials, composite technologies). Promising directions have been identified: increasing demand for specialized types of felt (bamboo, recycled), its role in import substitution and creative industries. The findings of the work can be applied in the textile industry, design, and educational programs on the history of material culture. For the first time, a comprehensive classification of factors determining the future of the felt industry is proposed, including technological breakthroughs, changes in consumer preferences, and ecological requirements. The analysis of the Russian felt market under current economic challenges is of particular value, making the research practically significant for domestic producers.