Directed evolution reveals a versatile PD-L1 architecture in immunotherapeutics, indicating improvements in checkpoint inhibitors.
This study demonstrates the successful application of directed evolution to generate a compact PD-L1 variant with high-affinity PD-1 binding, low immunogenicity risk, and tunable architecture. The DM variant expands the design space of ligand-based checkpoint inhibitors and offers a versatile platform for next-generation immunotherapeutics engineered through synthetic biology frameworks.
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Kim et al. (2025) studied this question.
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