Drone‐delivered novel oil dispersion formulation of Chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate for precision control of fall armyworm in maize

BACKGROUND Fall armyworm ( FAW ) [ Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] is a destructive pest threatening global maize production. Conventional chemical control is effective but raises sustainability concerns. Drone‐assisted ultra‐low volume ( ULV ) spraying enables precision‐targeted application, reducing pesticide input, energy consumption, and associated environmental footprints. This study reports the development of a drone‐compatible oil dispersion ( OD ) formulation combining chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate for FAW control. RESULTS The formulation was optimized using emulsifiers ( E1 + E2 , 8–10% + 5–5.9%), dispersant D1 (2–5%), and thickener R1 (1–3%), achieving desirable emulsion stability, viscosity, and pourability. The OD met FAO / WHO standards and remained stable under accelerated (54 ± 2 °C, 14 days) and cold storage (0 °C, 7 days) conditions. Surface tension and contact angle analyses confirmed effective spreading on maize foliage. Biochemical assays indicated significant inhibition of glutathione S‐transferase and acetylcholinesterase in FAW , suggesting synergistic molecular action. Field trials with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ( UAV ) application demonstrated superior efficacy over commercial formulation (knapsack‐sprayed), with reduced leaf damage (up to 47.4%, score: 2.56–4.1), lower cob infestation (13%) compared to untreated (40%) and commercial treatment (20%), and increased grain yield (13.43 t ha −1 in Delhi, 11 t ha − 1 in Pune ) . CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the potential of precision‐engineered OD formulation, optimized for UAV ‐based ULV delivery, to enhance FAW management in maize while aligning with sustainable agriculture practices.