Digital Twin Framework for Predictive Simulation and Decision Support in Ship Damage Control

Ship damage control (DC) is pivotal to platform survivability in the face of battle damage and severe accidents. The DC context features multi-hazard coupling among flooding, fire, and smoke, as well as fast system dynamics and intensive human–machine collaboration, demanding real-time predictive simulation and decision support. Conventional DC simulations fall short in multiphysics fidelity, predictive speed, and integration with onboard sensing and control. A digital twin (DT) framework for predictive shipboard DC is introduced with an explicit capability envelope, observability, and latency requirements, and a cyber-physical mapping to ship systems. Building on this foundation, a three-stage/four-level maturity model charts progression from L1 monitoring, through L2 prediction and L3 human-in-the-loop, override-enabled plan generation, to L4 closed-loop decision control, specifying capability milestones and evaluation metrics. Guided by this model, a four-layer architecture and an end-to-end roadmap are formulated, spanning multi-domain modeling, multi-source sensing and fusion, surrogate-accelerated multiphysics simulation, assisted plan generation with human approval/override, and cyber-physical closed-loop control. The framework aligns interfaces, performance targets, and verification pathways, providing actionable guidance to upgrade shipboard DC toward resilient, efficient, and human-centric operation under multi-hazard coupling.