Evaluating submarining in female human body models: Predicting occurrence and timing through biomechanics and restraint metrics

This study illustrates that both restraint based and internally derived HBM metrics can be used to predict the occurrence and timing of submarining. It further addresses a gap in the literature to relate to female HBM validation in frontal impact conditions. The findings will enable engineers to more effectively utilize HBMs to contribute to the development of safer vehicles, linking biomechanics to restraint design.