The impact of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the dispersion, rheological behaviour, and mechanical properties of epoxy-based composites was investigated. Through experimental examinations, we found that 100 nm ZnO with a 4 wt.% content, when incorporated into epoxy, demonstrated homogeneous dispersion. Conversely, an increase in ZnO nanoparticle content led to particle agglomeration within the composite’s core. Rheology tests revealed that the 4 wt.% ZnO/epoxy mixture exhibited the lowest shear stress value, surpassing even the neat epoxy. Additionally, theoretical models were employed to evaluate the stress–strain properties of the ZnO/epoxy with the hollow glass fibre composite system. The study demonstrates the critical role of ZnO nanoparticle content in achieving dispersion and mechanical strength without the need for chemical solvents or surface modifications. Furthermore, variations in ZnO content within the composite resulted in a differing Young’s Modulus and UV absorbability, highlighting the importance of nanoparticle concentration in determining material properties. The study also delves into the effects of core diameter, length of hollow glass fibres (HGF), and adhesive layer thickness on stress transfer and strain deformation mechanisms within the composite system.
Wong et al. (2025) studied this question.