From Waste to Energy: A Co-Production Model for Energy Transition through the

This study analyzes the co-production model implemented in the Nabuang Sarok Program in West Sumatra, which involves collaboration between PT Semen Padang, local government actors, and community-based waste banks. Using a qualitative case study method, data were collected through interviews, field observations, and document review to examine institutional roles, interaction patterns, and environmental outcomes. The program converts municipal solid waste into refuse-derived fuel (RDF) to partially replace coal in cement production, contributing to the reduction of fossil fuel dependency and supporting energy transition efforts. The results demonstrate that the co-production process enhances community environmental awareness, reduces landfill accumulation, and generates economic incentives for households participating in waste sorting. The study highlights that integrated public–private–community partnerships are essential for scaling circular economy initiatives and achieving sustainable waste-to-energy conversion. This model provides a replicable framework for other regions seeking to align waste management practices with environmental energy transition goals.