Review highlights stochastic modelling and key mechanisms of heterarchical granular dynamics, indicating its efficiency and relevance in industry.
Heterarchical Granular Dynamics (HGD) represents a new approach to modelling the complex behaviour of granular materials across multiple scales. By modelling granular materials stochastically, HGD has enabled the simulation of granular phenomena ranging from simple systems to highly dynamic processes such as comminution in rotary mills. This summary reviews the foundational assumptions and key mechanisms underpinning HGD. Unlike the discrete element method, HGD efficiently scales to industrially relevant numbers of particles, and unlike traditional continuum methods, it retains microstructural information. HGD continues to evolve as a versatile framework for understanding granular dynamics in both natural and industrial contexts.
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Marks et al. (2025) studied this question.
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