Prevalence and factors associated with shoulder pain among diabetic patients and menopausal women: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study

This study revealed that shoulder pain is more prevalent among diabetic patients than among non-diabetic participants, and is more common among menopausal women than among non-menopausal women. Shoulder pain in diabetic patients and menopausal women is influenced by factors such as the living environment, sleep duration, and inflammatory markers. Notably, longer sleep duration appears to have a protective effect, and lifestyle factors and inflammatory status play important roles in the development of shoulder pain in these high-risk populations.