Abstract The concept of a Green Constitution emphasizes the ethical and legal responsibility of states and citizens to safeguard the environment and maintain ecological integrity. Wetlands and forests—two of the most vital ecosystems—are central to this vision, as they regulate climate, support biodiversity, and sustain human livelihoods. Despite constitutional provisions and environmental legislation, the degradation of these ecosystems continues, largely due to inadequate integration of scientific knowledge into conservation policy and management. This paper explores the scientific foundations and practical methodologies that can strengthen wetland and forest conservation within a green constitutional framework. It examines key biological and ecological indicators—such as species diversity indices, carbon sequestration potential, hydrological functions, and bioindicator organisms—to demonstrate how scientific data can guide legal and administrative action. Case studies of Indian ecosystems, including the Chilika Lake wetland and the Western Ghats forest landscape, illustrate the effectiveness of integrating community participation, traditional ecological knowledge, and modern scientific tools such as GIS and remote sensing. The analysis reveals that aligning science-based monitoring with constitutional directives not only enhances ecosystem resilience but also reinforces environmental justice and sustainable governance. The paper concludes that fostering institutional collaboration, strengthening data-driven policy, and embedding ecological science into legal frameworks are crucial for realizing the vision of a truly green and sustainable future.
Patil et al. (Sun,) studied this question.