Ranking age-specific modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease and mortality: evidence from a population-based longitudinal study

Fig. 1. The proportion of cardiovascular disease events and mortality stratified by age groups in overall population (A), female (B) and male (C). Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; CAD, coronary artery disease; HF, heart failure.

Fig. 2. Associations between 14 modifiable factors and incident cardiovascular disease in overall, middle-aged (38 to <50 years), quinquagenarian (50 to <60 years) and the elderly (≥60 years) groups. Models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, region, family history, and mutually adjusted for individual risk factors. P for interaction was estimated with the use of likelihood ratio test. P values were false discovery rate (FDR) corrected. Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratios; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SEP, socioeconomic and psychosocial risk factors; PM2.5, fine particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm.

Fig. 3. Hazard ratios and 95% CIs of incident cardiovascular disease associated with each one-point increase in behavioral, metabolic and SEP risk scores by age groups. Models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, region, family history, and risk scores of other categories. P for interaction was estimated with the use of likelihood ratio test. P values were false discovery rate (FDR) corrected. Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratios; CIs, confidence intervals; SEP, socioeconomic and psychosocial risk factors.

Fig. 4. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) for incident cardiovascular disease associated with the modifiable risk factors. (A) PAFs of each risk factor on cardiovascular disease in overall population; (B) PAFs of each risk factor on cardiovascular disease among age groups; (C) PAFs of risk factor clusters on cardiovascular disease among age groups. Models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, region, family history, and mutually adjusted for individual risk factors. Estimated PAFs for modifiable risk factors were truncated at a lower limit of 0, as this is the lowest threshold to show a relationship with increased risk. Abbreviations: Abdo obesity, abdominal obesity; non-HDL cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SEP, socioeconomic and psychosocial risk factors.