Bio-Based Carbon Capture and Utilization Opportunities in Poland: A Preliminary Assessment

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) play an increasingly important role in climate mitigation strategies by addressing industrial emissions and enabling pathways toward net-negative emissions. A key challenge lies in determining the pathway of captured CO2, whether through permanent geological storage or conversion into value-added products to enhance system viability. As hard-to-abate sectors and the power industry remain major sources of emissions, a comprehensive assessment of the technical, environmental, and economic performance of CCUS pathways is essential. This study evaluates bioenergy with carbon capture and storage/utilization (BECCUS) in the context of the Polish energy sector. Techno-environmental performance was assessed across three pathways: CO2 storage in saline formations, CO2 mineralization, and methanol synthesis. The results show levelized costs of 59.9 EUR/tCO2,in for storage, 109.7 EUR/tCO2,in for mineralization, and 631.1 EUR/tCO2,in for methanol production. Corresponding carbon footprints (including full chain emissions) were −936.4 kgCO2-eq/tCO2,in for storage, −460.6 kgCO2-eq/tCO2,in in for mineralization, and 3963.4 kgCO2-eq/tCO2,in for methanol synthesis. These values highlight the trade-offs between economic viability and climate performance across utilization and storage options. The analysis underscores the potential of BECCS to deliver net-negative emissions and supports strategic planning for CCUS deployment in Poland.