The construction sector remains one of the world's major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. As of 2024, buildings and construction account for about 34% of global energy-related CO. emissions and over 32% of total energy consumption. Although a temporary drop was observed in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, emissions have since rebounded and are now stagnating or increasing slightly, driven by the expansion of the global building stock and rising demand for heating and cooling. Despite notable progress in efficiency and renewable integration, the sector's overall carbon footprint continues to reach record levels, highlighting the urgent need for more advanced optimization and design strategies.
Antonio LaTorre (Mon,) studied this question.