Enhanced Magnesium Ion Sensing Using Polyurethane Membranes Modified with ĸ-Carrageenan and D2EHPA: A Potentiometric Approach

Magnesium (Mg2+) ions require sensitive and selective detection due to their low concentrations and coexistence with similar ions in matrices. This study developed a potentiometric ISE using a new modified polyurethane membrane. The membrane’s negative surface charge facilitates selective interaction with Mg2+ ion. Optimal performance was obtained at 0.0061% (w/w) κ-carrageenan and 0.0006% (w/w) D2EHPA. The ISE exhibited a near-Nernstian response of 29.49 ± 0.01 mV/decade across a 10−9–10−4 M concentration range (R2 = 0.992), with a detection limit of 1.25 × 10−10 M and a response time of 200 s. It remained stable in the pH range 6–8 for one month and demonstrated high selectivity over K+, Na+, and Ca2+ (Kij < 1). The repeatability and reproducibility tests yielded standard deviations of 0.15 and 0.39, while recovery rates confirmed analytical reliability. The water contact angle analysis showed a reduction from ~80° to ~69° after membrane conditioning, indicating increased hydrophilicity and improved interfacial for ion diffusion. FTIR analysis confirmed successful modification by reduced O–H peak intensity, while XRD verified the amorphous structure. SEM revealed a dense top layer with concave morphology, favorable for minimizing leakage and ensuring efficient ion transport within the sensing system.