Experimental tests show significant deviations in quantum measurement outcomes, suggesting complex dynamics in multipartite entanglement.
This paper reports hardware-based tests of a specific, falsifiable hypothesis about quantum measurement. Under standard quantum mechanics, measurement statistics obtained from quantum hardware are expected to be fully described by either ideal unitary evolution or calibrated device noise. If this assumption holds, hardware results must remain bounded by these two references. To test this prediction, a set of experiments was designed and executed on real quantum hardware. For each experiment, results from hardware execution were compared against two independent null references: (i) ideal unitary simulations and (ii) noise-modeled simulations constructed using backend calibration data. Under a purely epistemic interpretation of collapse, or if observed effects arise solely from hardware noise, no statistically significant deviations from these references should occur. Simulations are used exclusively as null references; all reported signals originate from hardware measurement data. Across multiple experimental topologies and platforms, hardware results consistently fall outside both reference bounds by statistically significant margins. In multipartite entanglement structures mediated by W-states, collapse-associated deviations appear not only on qubits subjected to collapse-triggering measurements, but also on entangled partner subsystems that received no collapse operation. These deviations are reproducible, topology-dependent, and absent from both ideal and noise-modeled predictions. The results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that hardware measurement outcomes are fully explained by ideal quantum evolution or calibrated noise models. They indicate the presence of additional physical dynamics associated with quantum measurement that propagate through entanglement structures and are not captured by standard descriptions of collapse as a purely epistemic update.
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David Michael Goddard (2026) studied this question.
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