Application of iron oxide nanoparticles in liver drug delivery: insights into biodegradation and toxicity at cellular, tissue, and organ levels

Iron oxide nanoparticles hold significant potential for targeted hepatocyte delivery, provided that their physicochemical properties are carefully optimized to minimize off-target uptake by Kupffer cells and reduce hepatotoxicity. A comprehensive understanding of nanoparticle - cell interactions, iron homeostasis, and the impact of surface engineering is essential for the rational design of safer and more effective nanocarriers. Future progress will depend on balancing hepatocyte-specific targeting with biocompatibility, enabling the translational application of iron oxide nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases.