Key result
The actuation force scales as a function of cilium size, demonstrating significant differences in performance between 2 μm and 10 μm diameter hydrogel cilia.
Effect estimate: F_actuation 5.65×10−12 N for 2 μm cilium, F_actuation 2.1×10−10 N for 10 μm cilium
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Micrometre-sized hydrogel microactuators exhibit fast motions and sustain functionality, indicating their potential for bioinspired technologies.
Liu et al. (2026) studied this question. hydrogel microactuators was evaluated on actuation force in hydrogel microactuators (F_actuation 5.65×10−12 N for 2 μm cilium, F_actuation 2.1×10−10 N for 10 μm cilium). The actuation force scales as a function of cilium size, demonstrating significant differences in performance between 2 μm and 10 μm diameter hydrogel cilia.
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