Commuter rail is critical for sustainable mobility in suburban and urban areas. Categorizing commuter rail stations from a TOD perspective become typology can provide valuable references for developing, planning, and managing commuter rail station areas. However, limited commuter rail stations at the neighborhood scale must be identified based on TOD factors, specifically in relation to ridership travel patterns. This study addresses this gap by developing a neighborhood-scale TOD typology for station areas using a cluster-multilevel modeling approach to analyze the relationship between TOD factors and passenger travel patterns. This analysis identifies whether a station functions as a trip generator or an attraction point for passengers. A two-step cluster analysis of spatial data from 24 stations along the Jakarta Kota-Bogor rail line resulted in three neighborhood types. Identifying commuter rail station typologies is crucial for policymakers to propose different strategies. These strategies may include small projects to improve public spaces and promote eco-friendly mobility or more substantial changes requiring a density redistribution around the stations. This approach challenges the rigid definition of transit-oriented development and adapts decisions to the specific context of each station area.
Sari et al. (2026) studied this question.