ABSTRACT Aquaculture is a rapidly growing industry that supplies fish for global consumption. However, the intensive production practices have resulted in disease outbreaks, largely driven by the misuse of antibiotics. Natural alternatives, such as monoterpenes, which are biocompounds derived from essential oils obtained from plants like thyme and oregano, are being investigated for their antimicrobial properties. Research has shown that monoterpenes can effectively reduce mortality rates in aquaculture, providing a sustainable solution for disease management without the negative environmental impacts associated with antibiotics. This approach has the potential to promote healthier and more environmentally friendly fish production. Monoterpenes have demonstrated promising results in enhancing fish resistance to pathogens, which could potentially reduce the reliance on antibiotics in aquaculture. However, the economic feasibility of incorporating these compounds into fish diets has not been thoroughly examined, which may hinder their widespread adoption. Clear economic data is essential to evaluate the costs and benefits of using monoterpenes in aquaculture, as uncertainties regarding financial returns could discourage producers and investors. Without this information, the market acceptance of aquafeeds containing monoterpenes may be limited, affecting the progress of cleaner and more sustainable fish farming practices. This review aims to address the gaps in knowledge regarding the widespread use of phytobiotics, specifically focusing on monoterpenes and their impact on the aquaculture industry. It will delve into their mechanisms of action, effectiveness in protecting aquatic animals, and recent developments in combating bacterial infections, while also discussing the risks posed by antimicrobial resistance.
Batista et al. (2026) studied this question.