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January 18, 2026Angewandte Chemie International Edition3 citationsOpen Access

Experimental Isolation of Single Impact, Cumulative Energy, Aging, and Liquid‐Assisted Grinding Effects in Mechanochemical Reactions

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JTJohanna TemplLBLars Borchardt

Key Points

  • This research aims to dissect the effects of impact energy, cumulative energy, aging, and liquid-assisted grinding in mechanochemical reactions.
  • Utilized a standardized single-ball mixer mill setup for experiments.
  • Isolated single impact energy and cumulative energy effects across two reactions: Finkelstein halogen exchange and Wittig olefination.
  • Varied milling parameters systematically to observe differences in chemical conversion.
  • Finkelstein halogen exchange shows significant aging effects post-mechanical activation.
  • Wittig olefination demonstrates a linear relationship between yield and cumulative energy.
  • Liquid-assisted grinding modifies energy input without replacing impact-driven reactivity.

Abstract

Abstract Mechanochemical reactivity arises from a complex interplay between single impact energy, cumulative energy input, and secondary effects such as aging or liquid‐assisted grinding (LAG). Here, we experimentally isolate these factors across two fundamentally different all‐solid reactions–the Finkelstein halogen exchange and the Wittig olefination–using a standardized single‐ball mixer mill setup. Systematic variation of milling parameters revealed that both reactions are impact‐driven but differ in how mechanical energy translates into chemical conversion. The halogen exchange exhibited pronounced aging, where the transformation continues after mechanical activation, highlighting the contribution of post‐impact reactivity. In contrast, the Wittig olefination, free of such secondary effects, showed an almost ideal linear correlation between yield and cumulative energy ( E total ). LAG additives were found to modulate but not replace the impact‐driven regime, providing mechanistic insight into the frequently observed sweet spot in LAG‐assisted reactions.

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Cite This Study

Templ et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/696c785beb60fb80d13967c6https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202523191
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