Abstract Electrochemical nitrate reduction (NO 3 − RR) offers a sustainable route for ammonia (NH 3 ) synthesis, simultaneously enabling pollutant remediation and resource recovery. The efficiency of NO 3 − RR relies on regulating the hydrogenation behaviors of active sites to drive the stepwise reduction of nitrate species. Herein, we report a molecular catalyst, cobalt tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine (CoPhz) supported on carbon nanotubes (CoPhz/CNT) that achieves outstanding NO 3 − RR performance through local active H* enrichment. In neutral electrolyte, CoPhz/CNT attained a peak NH 3 Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 93% and a yield rate of 8347.9 µg h −1 cm −2 , outperforming the conventional cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) benchmark. CoPhz/CNT exhibited exceptional stability for over 170 h at 50 mA cm −2 in a flow cell. Operando studies and theoretical calculations reveal that nitrogen atoms in the macrocycle modulate the electronic structure of the cobalt center, promoting H* generation and enrichment, as well as facilitating efficient intermediates conversion with low energy differences, leading to superior NO 3 − RR efficiency. Furthermore, the practical utility of CoPhz/CNT in a Zn–NO 3 − battery achieved an excellent power density of 14.5 mW cm −2 . This work demonstrates that molecular engineering of macrocyclic catalysts is an effective strategy to tailor hydrogenation capability for enhanced NO 3 − RR and other hydrogenation reactions.
Jin et al. (2026) studied this question.