This work demonstrates a model explaining brightness in high-redshift galaxies, suggesting a solution to the Tolman test crisis.
This work extends the Primary Energy theory (Paygachkin, 2026, Zenodo:10.5281/zenodo.18243276) to explain the anomalous brightness of high-redshift galaxies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope. The model demonstrates that surface brightness falls as (1+z)⁻¹ rather than (1+z)⁻⁴ predicted by ΛCDM, providing a natural solution to the Tolman test crisis without requiring exotic galaxy evolution scenarios.
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Sergey Yurevich Paigachkin (2026) studied this question.
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