Artificial intelligence in bladder cancer management: a narrative review of diagnostic and surgical advances and current limitations

AI is rapidly redefining bladder cancer management through multimodal data integration and predictive modeling. While current evidence demonstrates high diagnostic and prognostic performance, clinical implementation remains limited by heterogeneity, lack of standardization and insufficient external validation. Future efforts should prioritize prospective validation, explainability and integration into clinical workflows to realize AI's full potential in personalized uro-oncology.