Dual Long-Acting Cabotegravir/Rilpivirine plus Lenacapavir in Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor Resistance: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Long-acting injectable (LAI) antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a promising option for people with HIV who face persistent adherence challenges, though literature to support its use in cases of integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) resistance remains limited. We describe a 36-year-old man with advanced HIV, long-standing non-adherence to oral medications, and virologic failure who harbored both an INSTI major mutation (E92Q) and accessory mutation (E157Q). Given persistent non-adherence and viremia, he was started on dual LAI lenacapavir plus cabotegravir/rilpivirine. His viral load declined to 143 copies/mL within six weeks after initiation of injectable ART and has remained undetectable thereafter. This case suggests that dual LAI ART may be effective in certain cases of underlying INSTI resistance and highlights the need for further study of this novel regimen in treatment-experienced individuals.