Systematic Pathway Screening via Integrated Machine Learning Identifies FOXO‐Mediated Transcription Signature for Robust Immunotherapy Response Prediction in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Background Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), accounting for 80% of lung cancer cases, remains a leading cause of cancer‐related mortality globally. While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved outcomes, their efficacy is limited to a subset of patients, necessitating robust biomarkers for personalized immunotherapy response prediction. Methods We integrated transcriptomic data from 584 NSCLC patients across four cohorts treated with ICIs. Using 12,025 pathways from MSigDB, we applied 101 machine learning algorithm combinations (e.g., random survival forest RSF, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Lasso, and Cox proportional hazards model with component‐wise likelihood‐based boosting CoxBoost) to identify prognostic signatures. OAK was used as the training set and Ravi, Jung, and Poplar as the validation set. The optimal pathway and algorithm combination was determined based on the average concordance index ( C ‐index) ranking in the validation sets, and a predictive model was generated. Performance was assessed by C ‐index, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and survival analysis. Biological relevance was evaluated through gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), immune infiltration profiling, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results The FOXO‐mediated transcription pathway combined with Lasso‐RSF algorithms emerged as the top predictor. The derived FOXO‐related signature (FRS) stratified patients into high‐risk and low‐risk groups, with high‐risk patients showing significantly worse progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) across all cohorts ( p < 0.05). FRS outperformed clinical variables and 43 published models in predictive accuracy. IHC confirmed elevated expression of FRS‐associated genes (PCK1, IGFBP1) in nonresponders. Immune profiling revealed enriched antitumor immunity in low‐FRS patients. Conclusion FRS, a machine learning–derived pathway signature, robustly predicts immunotherapy response and survival in NSCLC. Its integration of FOXO‐mediated immune regulation offers a clinically translatable tool for precision oncology.