Dynamic regulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation (pTyr) by kinases and phosphatases enables cells to sense and respond to environmental changes. The widely used chemical pervanadate induces the accumulation of pTyr in mammalian cell lines. This effect is primarily attributed to its inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), leading to the assertion that PTPs are master gatekeepers of intracellular pTyr homeostasis. Here, we used several approaches to reveal that pervanadate disrupted cellular redox homeostasis and directly activated tyrosine kinases of the SRC family through the oxidation of specific cysteine residues. Mass spectrometry and biophysical approaches showed that pervanadate-induced oxidation of cysteine-188 and cysteine-280 activated SRC by disrupting autoinhibitory intramolecular interactions between the catalytic domain and the SH2/SH3 domains and by impairing SH2 domain binding to phosphopeptides, including the regulatory carboxyl-terminal tail phosphotyrosine-530. Redox-sensitive cysteine residues were essential for SRC to promote the overgrowth of mouse fibroblasts. Our findings call for a reevaluation of pervanadate-based experiments and demonstrate that SRC cysteines control its oncogenic properties.
Mulholland et al. (Tue,) studied this question.