What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to explore how aspects of gender role self-concept relate to psychobiological stress.

January 22, 2026Open Access

The link between the gender role self-concept and psychobiological stress in everyday life: an ecological momentary assessment study

MSMartin StoffelHeidelberg University SZStephanie ZintelHeidelberg University LSLaura I. SchmidtHeidelberg University

Key Points

The aim is to explore how aspects of gender role self-concept relate to psychobiological stress.
Sample of 82 healthy adults aged 20–65 underwent daily ecological momentary assessments.
Gender role self-concept was measured using the Bem Sex Role Inventory.
Psychobiological stress was assessed through self-reports and salivary cortisol levels.
A multilevel modeling approach analyzed relationships between gender role traits and stress.
State agency was negatively linked to subjective stress and stressor exposure.
State communion demonstrated inverse relationships with subjective stress and stressor exposure.
Higher trait communion correlated with elevated salivary cortisol levels.
The findings emphasize the distinct impacts of trait and state dimensions of gender role self-concept.

Abstract

Abstract This study examined how trait and state aspects of the gender role self-concept (GSC), beyond biological sex assigned at birth, are associated with psychobiological stress in daily life. We hypothesized that higher agency (self-assertive traits, historically associated with male gender stereotypes) would relate to lower subjective stress and stressor exposure, whereas higher communion (interpersonally oriented traits, historically associated with female gender stereotypes) would show the opposite pattern. Associations with salivary cortisol (sCort) were also investigated. Eighty-two healthy adults (20–65 years; M = 40.0, SD = 12.6; 47.6% female) completed ecological momentary assessments over five consecutive workdays, with seven daily prompts. GSC was measured using the Bem Sex Role Inventory, with trait GSC assessed at baseline and state GSC four times per day. Psychobiological stress was captured via self-reports and sCort. Multilevel models tested associations of trait and state GSC with stress-related outcomes. State agency was negatively associated with subjective stress and stressor exposure, while state communion showed inverse associations with these parameters. Higher trait communion predicted higher sCort. Findings highlight the importance of distinguishing trait and state GSC. Beyond biological sex, GSC explained within- and between-person variation in psychobiological stress, underscoring its relevance for stress research in everyday life.

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