Supercavitating Bubble Dynamics near Free Surfaces and Solid Walls

This study investigates the hydrodynamic characteristics of supercavitating flows near boundaries through numerical simulations, focusing on the influence of free surfaces and solid walls. A validated numerical framework combining the Realizable k-ε turbulence model with the VOF multiphase approach and Schnerr–Sauer cavitation model is employed to capture complex phase interfaces and turbulent cavitating flows. Systematic validation against existing experimental data and dedicated underwater launch tests confirms the reliability of the methodology. The results demonstrate significant boundary effects on supercavitation dynamics. Near a free surface, the cavity tail deflects away from the interface, whereas it bends toward the wall when in close proximity to a solid boundary. Simultaneous presence of both boundaries causes combined torsional deformation and deflection. The cavity interface exhibits progressive indentation toward the tail, with indentation angle following a power–law relationship to axial position. Boundary interactions create distinct effects: free surfaces suppress cavity elongation, whereas solid walls promote extension, with cavity length remaining bounded within predictable limits. A notable torque reversal phenomenon occurs at x=D from the cavitator tip, creating positive torque upstream (x D).