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This review aims to understand how implicit and explicit learning affect auditory processing in the brain.

January 23, 2026Open Access

Music and Language in the Human Brain: Mismatch Negativity Evidence for Their Neuroplasticity and Interplay

Key Points

This review aims to understand how implicit and explicit learning affect auditory processing in the brain.
Reviewed findings on auditory neurocognition in relation to the mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm.
Analyzed the effects of auditory expertise on neural encoding of sounds.
Explored variations in MMN parameters, including latency and amplitude.
Implicit and explicit learning can modulate the neural encoding of sounds.
Variations in MMN latency and amplitude reflect these learning processes.
The findings highlight the role of MMN in understanding auditory learning across the lifespan.

Abstract

ABSTRACT We live in an auditory world; we perceive and memorize sounds even before birth. Here, I have reviewed findings on the effects of implicit and explicit learning on auditory neurocognition. These findings, investigated in the mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm, indicate that both implicit and explicit auditory expertise can modulate the neural encoding of sounds at the preattentive level of human cognition. This modulation is reflected in the MMN parameters latency and amplitude and its generators. Thus, studies on MMN can illustrate various forms of human auditory learning during development and learning across the entire lifespan.

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