Abstract Durand of St. Pourçain is one of the few scholastics who criticize the idea that evils really contribute to the perfection of the universe. In contrast with Thomas Aquinas and Giles of Rome, he points out that evils, when placed next to good things, only seem to render them more praiseworthy. His view (and in particular his use of the antithesis between secundum existentiam and secundum apparentiam ) was attacked by Peter of Palud, Diego Ruiz de Montoya, and Claude Frassen.
Guy Guldentops (2025) studied this question.