Analysis demonstrates how laser fluence shifts surface structures in niobium alloys, implying design strategies for material properties.
Laser fluence-dependent laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on niobium alloys was analysed. Additionally, we explored the shift from LIPSS to self-organized, periodic microstructures resembling cones. The findings shed light on how surface structures in niobium evolve depending on laser fluence. Significantly influence of laser fluence to the gradual transition of low-spatial frequency LIPSS to highfrequency spatial LIPSS was demonstrated. Highly organized LIPSS on the surface of targets was obtained at the higher accumulated fluence of laser pulses.
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Vapayev et al. (2025) studied this question.
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