Innovative applications of gallic acid-enhanced biopolymer films in sustainable food preservation: a critical review

Biopolymer-derived packaging films have gained prominence as eco-friendly substitutes for traditional petroleum-based plastics, driven by escalating environmental concerns. Gallic acid (GA), a naturally abundant polyphenolic compound, exhibits robust antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, positioning it as a pivotal functional additive in biodegradable food packaging systems. Integration of GA into biopolymer matrices enhances mechanical resilience, oxygen barrier efficiency, and oxidative stability, primarily through its role as an oxygen scavenger. These enhancements collectively extend food shelf life while preserving nutritional and sensory quality. Additionally, GA-functionalized films mitigate lipid oxidation and microbial proliferation, thereby elevating food safety standards. Beyond performance improvements, the utilization of GA aligns with global sustainability goals by reducing reliance on non-renewable plastics. This comprehensive review critically evaluates recent advancements in GA-modified biopolymer films, emphasizing their structural-functional synergies, efficacy in food preservation, and contributions to environmentally responsible packaging solutions. Key challenges, including scalability, economic feasibility, and consumer acceptance, are also discussed to guide future research and industrial adoption.