Abstract Background Chronic stress is a major risk factor for psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, depression, and post‐traumatic stress disorder. Chronic stress can cause structural alterations like grey matter atrophy in key emotion‐related areas such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC). To identify biological pathways affected by chronic stress in the PFC, researchers have performed transcriptional profiling (RNA sequencing, microarray) to measure gene expression in rodent models. However, transcriptional signatures in the PFC that are shared across different chronic stress paradigms and laboratories remain relatively unexplored. Methods We performed a meta‐analysis of publicly available transcriptional profiling datasets within the Gemma database. We identified six datasets that characterized the effects of either chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) or chronic variable stress and/or chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) on gene expression in the PFC in mice ( n = 117). We fit a random effects meta‐analysis model to the chronic stress effect sizes (log(2) fold changes) for each transcript ( n = 21,379) measured in most datasets. We then compared our results with two other published chronic stress meta‐analyses, as well as transcriptional signatures associated with psychiatric disorders. Results We identified 133 genes that were consistently differentially expressed across chronic stress studies and paradigms (false discovery rate FDR < 0.05). Fast gene set enrichment analysis (fGSEA) revealed 53 gene sets enriched with differential expression (FDR < 0.05), dominated by glial and neurovascular markers (e.g., oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, endothelial/vascular) and stress‐related signatures (e.g., major depressive disorder MDD, hormonal responses). Immediate‐early gene markers of neuronal activity ( Fos, Junb, Arc, Dusp1 ) were consistently suppressed. Many of the identified effects resembled those seen in previous meta‐analyses characterizing stress effects (CSDS, early life stress), despite minimal overlap in included samples. Moreover, some effects resembled previous observations from psychiatric disorders, including alcohol abuse disorder, ma, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that chronic stress induces a robust, cross‐paradigm PFC signature characterized by downregulation of glia/myelin and vascular pathways and suppression of immediate‐early gene activity, highlighting cellular processes linking chronic stress exposure, PFC dysfunction, and psychiatric disorders.
Xiong et al. (2026) studied this question.