The global transition toward net-zero emissions by 2050, encompassing the International Energy Agency’s Roadmap for the energy sector, the IMO’s revised strategy for the maritime industry, and broader climate guidelines, necessitates a profound transformation of both global energy systems and the shipping sector. In this context, energy vectors such as Liquefied Natural Gas, Green Hydrogen, and Ammonia are emerging as key elements for this shift. This review article proposes a comprehensive analysis of these vectors, contrasting their roles: Liquefied Natural Gas as a transitional solution and Hydrogen and Ammonia as long-term pillars for decarbonization. The research moves beyond a simple comparative analysis, offering a detailed mapping and evaluation of the global port infrastructure required for their safe handling, cryogenic storage, and bunkering operations. We examine their technical specifications, decarbonization potential, and the challenges related to operational feasibility, costs, regulation, and sustainability. The objective is to provide a critical perspective on how the evolution of maritime ports into energy hubs is a sine qua non condition for the secure and efficient management of these vectors, thereby ensuring the sector effectively meets the Net Zero 2050 climate goals.
Stanescu et al. (2026) studied this question.