Geospatial Analysis of Snakebite Incidence Rate in Karnataka: A District-Level Analysis Across Agroclimatic Zones Using Health Management Information System Data

Introduction Snakebite envenoming is a significant public health issue in India, particularly in Karnataka, where diverse agroclimatic zones contribute to varying incidence rates. However, limited geospatial data are available to inform targeted prevention and intervention strategies. This study uses Health Management Information System data to assess the incidence and spatial distribution of snakebites across Karnataka to identify high-risk areas and inform public health measures. Methods This study conducted a secondary analysis of Health Management Information System data from 2018-19 and 2019-20 covering all districts in Karnataka. Participants were reported snakebite victims in the state during the study period. Geospatial analysis was conducted to map snakebite cases across agroclimatic zones. Seasonal trends were examined using the 4 climatologic seasons in India: winter, summer, monsoon, and post-monsoon. The main outcomes measured were snakebite incidence rates and the geographic distribution of cases. Results The overall snakebite incidence in Karnataka decreased slightly from 24.57 per 100,000 in 2018-19 to 24.49 in 2019-20. Significant variations were observed across agroclimatic zones, with the southern dry zone and southern transition zone reporting the highest incidence, peaking during the monsoon season. Conclusions Geospatial analysis identified high-risk districts, particularly in agricultural and forested areas. Targeted public health interventions, such as awareness campaigns, improved healthcare infrastructure, and timely antivenom administration, could reduce snakebite mortality. Global Information System-based analysis offers valuable insights for effective healthcare planning and preventive strategies.