In this study, a series of Co 3 O 4 /C 3 N 4 composites with oxygen vacancies was successfully fabricated by incorporating varying loadings of Co 3 O 4 onto g-C 3 N 4 , aiming to enhance the photocatalytic performance for H 2 O 2 production. Among the prepared samples, the 20 Co 3 O 4 /C 3 N 4 composite exhibited remarkable photocatalytic activity and stability. The superior performance is primarily attributed to the introduction of oxygen vacancies, which not only facilitated the migration and separation of charge carriers but also provided additional active sites for O 2 adsorption. The optimal 20 Co 3 O 4 /C 3 N 4 sample achieved an H 2 O 2 production rate of 174.2 µmol·g − 1 ·h − 1 , which is 4.8 times higher than that of pure g-C 3 N 4 (36 µmol·g − 1 ·h − 1 ). Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) tests revealed a lower onset potential and a smaller Tafel slope for the 20 Co 3 O 4 /C 3 N 4 electrode, indicating reduced overpotential and accelerated reaction kinetics. Furthermore, in situ infrared spectroscopy confirmed that the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e⁻ ORR) served as the primary pathway for H 2 O 2 generation in the Co 3 O 4 /C 3 N 4 catalytic system. This work provides deep insights into the role of oxygen vacancies in photocatalytic H 2 O 2 synthesis, offering experimental evidence and theoretical references for related research, and demonstrating potential for practical applications. Compositing g-C 3 N 4 with Co 3 O 4 at optimal loadings successfully introduced oxygen vacancies and constructed a Co 3 O 4 /C 3 N 4 heterojunction. This strategic modification led to a substantial enhancement in the charge separation efficiency, thereby boosting the photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production rate from 36 µmol·g − 1 ·h − 1 (pristine g-C 3 N 4 ) to 174.2 µmol·g − 1 ·h − 1 for the optimal composite
Wang et al. (Sat,) studied this question.
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