Comparison of the accuracy of Robotic arm and Dynamic Navigation in the placement of mandibular dental implants: an in-vitro study

D-CAIS demonstrated higher accuracy in mandibular implant placement, particularly in terms of linear deviations, while R-CAIS showed greater consistency in angular measurements despite no significant difference between groups. Overall, the observed deviations were small and are of limited clinical significance. These findings reflect system-level performance in a controlled laboratory setting, further clinical studies are required to validate these results in vivo.