This study advances surgical phase recognition in arthroscopic procedures, specifically Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction, by introducing the first arthroscopy dataset and a novel transformer-based model. We establish a benchmark for arthroscopic surgical phase recognition by leveraging spatio-temporal features to address challenges such as limited field of view, occlusions, and visual distortions. We developed the ACL27 dataset, comprising 27 videos of ACL surgeries, each labeled with surgical phases. Our model employs a transformer-based architecture, utilizing temporal-aware frame-wise feature extraction through ResNet-50 and transformer layers. This approach integrates spatio-temporal features and introduces a Surgical Progress Index (SPI) to quantify surgery progression. The model's performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and Jaccard Index on the ACL27 and Cholec80 datasets. The proposed model achieved an overall accuracy of 72.9% on the ACL27 dataset. On the Cholec80 dataset, the model achieved performance comparable to state-of-the-art methods, with an accuracy of 92.4%. The SPI demonstrated an output error of 10.6% and 9.8% on ACL27 and Cholec80 datasets, respectively, indicating reliable surgery progression estimation. This study introduces a significant advancement in surgical phase recognition for arthroscopy, providing a comprehensive dataset and robust transformer-based model. The results validate the model's effectiveness and generalizability, highlighting its potential to improve surgical training, real-time assistance, and operational efficiency in orthopedic surgery. The publicly available dataset and code will facilitate future research in this critical field. Word Count: 6490.
Malayeri et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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